Source: 1. DansMath #158 and Sudipta Das, 2. Denis Borris
There are 22 3-digit squares (10² through 31²). Of these 22, 13 do not use the same digit more than once: (169, 196, 256, 289, 324, 361, 529, 576, 625, 729, 784, 841, 961). From these 13, you can choose 20 pairs that have no digits in common: (169, 324), (169, 784), (196, 324), (196, 784), (256, 784), (256, 841), (289, 361), (289, 576), (324, 576), (324, 961), (361, 529), (361, 729), (361, 784), (529, 784), (529, 841), (576, 841), (625, 784), (625, 841), (729, 841), (784, 961). > 1. Ann replies: "Three." The wizard then asks Ben > same question. What should he reply, and why? If Ann Digits in the sees this wizard's bag on Ben She knows she could have she would know ------------------------------------------------------------- 169 324, 784 0, 5 196 324, 784 0, 5 256 784, 841 0, 3, 9 289 361, 576 0, 4 324 169, 196, 576, 961 0, 8 361 289, 529, 729, 784 0 529 361, 784, 841 0 576 289, 324, 841 0 625 784, 841 0, 3, 9 729 361, 841 0, 5 784 169, 196, 256, 361, 529, 625, 961 0 841 256, 529, 576, 625, 729 0, 3 961 324, 784 0, 5 If Ann claims to know exactly 3 digits remaining in the wizard's bag, then Ben must be wearing either 256 or 625. These two numbers have the same digits, so Ben now knows his own digits as well as those he sees Ann wearing. So he know all 4 digits in the wizard's bag. > 2. Ann replies: "Two." Ben then says: "I know my number." > There are 3 possible numbers on Ben's forehead: what > are they? And what are the numbers in the bag? Since Ann announced she knows exactly two digits in the wizard's bag, Ben must know that he's wearing either 169, 196, 289, 324, 729, 841 or 961. If Ben sees this on Ann He knows he could be wearing ---------------------------------------------- 169 324 196 324 256 841 289324 169, 196, 961 361 289, 729 529 841 576 289, 324, 841 625 841 729 841 784 169, 196, 961 841 729 961 324 The only three numbers Ben could ever be sure of are 324, 729 and 841. There doesn't seem to be enough information for us to determine exactly what's in the wizard's bag. There are eight possible scenarios, as follows: Ann, Ben Digits left in the bag ----------------------------------- 169, 324 0, 5, 7, 8 196, 324 0, 5, 7, 8 256, 841 0, 3, 7, 9 529, 841 0, 3, 6, 7 625, 841 0, 3, 7, 9 729, 841 0, 3, 5, 6 841, 729 0, 3, 5, 6 961, 324 0, 5, 7, 8 It's not clear to why the guy with the bag of digits is considered a math wizard. I think the math wizards are Ann and Ben. The guy with the bag seems more like Vanna White.